On modelling cosmic ray sputtering of interstellar grain ices

In the interstellar medium (ISM), formation of complex organic molecules (COMs) is largely facilitated by surface reactions. However, in cold dark clouds, thermal desorption COMs inefficient because lack energy to overcome binding energies grain surface. Non-thermal methods are therefore important explanations for gas-phase detection many that primarily formed on grains. Here we present a new non-thermal process: cosmic ray sputtering ice surfaces based water, carbon dioxide, and simple mixed ice. Our model applies estimated rates 3-phase rate equation Nautilus-1.1, where this inclusion results enhanced gas phase abundances produced reactions such as methanol (CH$_{3}$OH) methyl formate (HCOOCH$_{3}$). Notably, species with efficient destruction pathways exhibit less an increase models compared other molecules. These suggest efficient, non-specific method should be considered factor future chemical models.